Peanut forage

Datasheet

Description

Click on the "Nutritional aspects" tab for recommendations for ruminants, pigs, poultry, rabbits, horses, fish and crustaceans

Common names

Peanut, groundnut, goober pea, Chinese nut, earthnut [English]; arachide, cacahuète, cacahouète, pois de terre, pinotte [French]; cacahuate, mani, cacahuete [Spanish]; amendoim, alcagoita, amendoi [Portuguese]; grondboontjie [Afrikaans]; pinda [Dutch]; Erdnuss [German]; kacang tanah [Indonesian]; kacang brol [Javanese]; mnjugu [Swahili]; Yer fıstığı [Turkish]; Đậu phộng [Vietnamese]; ኦቾሎኒ [Amharic]; فول سوداني [Arabic]; চীনাবাদাম [Bengali]; 花生 [Chinese]; אגוז אדמה [Hebrew]; मूँगफली [Hindi]; ラッカセイ [Japanese]; ಕಡಲೇಕಾಯಿ [Kannada]; 땅콩 [Korean]; നിലക്കടല [Malayalam]; ਮੂੰਗਫਲੀ [Punjabi]; Арахис [Russian]; நிலக்கடலை [Tamil]; వేరుశనగ [Telugu]; ถั่วลิสง [Thai]

Products: groundnut forage, peanut forage, groundnut straw, peanut straw, groundnut tops, peanut tops, groundnut haulms, peanut haulms, groundnut hay, peanut hay, groundnut vines, peanut vines, groundnut stover, peanut stover

Species

Arachis hypogaea L. [Fabaceae]

Related feed(s)

Description

The peanut plant (Arachis hypogaea L.) is grown mainly for its seeds, which are used either as food (snacks, peanut butter, etc.) or for their edible oil. After peanuts are harvested, aerial parts of the plant become available in large quantities and are used fresh or dried as a nutritious livestock feed in all peanut-producing countries.

As with other legume crop residues, the terminology used to name peanut crop residues are numerous: they are called haulms, vines, tops, stover, hay or straw, depending on the country or local tradition. While these names may not always be exact synonyms (e.g. peanut hay can be made out of vegetative plants rather than from the mature plants remaining after the harvest), they are used quite interchangeably in the literature. In American English the term peanut hay often describes what is a typical crop residue, though it can also describe an actual hay.

Morphology and cultivation

Peanut is an annual herbaceous plant growing to a length of 30 to 50 cm. The plant can be erect or prostrate with a well developed taproot and many lateral roots and nodules. The leaves are opposite and pinnate with four leaflets; each leaflet is 1 to 7 cm long and 1 to 3 cm across. The flowers are 1.0 to 1.5 cm across, bright yellow or yellowish orange with reddish veining. They are borne in axillary clusters on the stems above ground and last for just one day. One to several flowers may be present at each node and are usually more abundant at lower nodes. The first flowers appear at 4 to 6 weeks after planting, and maximum flower production occurs 6 to 10 weeks after planting. 8 to 14 days after pollination, a short stalk at the base of the ovary elongates to form a thread-like structure known as a "peg". This pushes the ovary down 5 to 8 cm into the soil, where it develops into a pod. Pods are 3 to 7 cm long, normally containing one to four seeds. Pods reach maximum size after 2 to 3 weeks in the soil, maximum oil content in 6 to 7 weeks, and maximum protein content after 5 to 8 weeks. The peanut crop matures after 7 to 9 weeks in the soil, which is indicated by maximum levels of protein, oil, dry matter, and presence of darkened veining and brown splotching inside the pod. Peanuts usually require a minimum of 100 to 150 days from planting to maturity depending on the variety. Flowering continues over a long period, and at harvest pods are in all stages of development. Pegs will eventually rot in the soil and the resulting loose pods are lost during harvest (Putnam, 1991).

Uses

Peanut crop residues

Peanut crop residues consist of leaves, stalks (vines) and remaining pods left in the field after the peanut harvest. There is a considerable variation in quality, depending on the harvest method, storage and on the proportions of plant materials included in the residue. Like other legume hays, peanut forage is subject to leaf shattering, which increases the proportion of stems and diminishes its nutritional value (Myer et al., 2010). Peanut crop residues can be fed fresh, dried or ensiled (Hill, 2002). Depending on the livestock production system, peanut crop residues can be used as a supplement or as a sole feed (Etela et al., 2011). The peanut crop yields large amounts of good quality forage and is an important, and sometimes major, provider of fodder wherever it is grown. Dual-purpose peanut varieties capable of producing appreciable quantities of both grain (peanuts) and good-quality hay are being developed and disseminated in Africa and Asia (Etela et al., 2011).

USA

In the USA, peanut hay is produced throughout the peanut belt, and is fed as a winter feed supplement to growing stocker cattle, beef replacement heifers, and wintering cow herds. In autumn, if harvesting conditions are good, large amounts of peanut hay can be baled in a few weeks, and the production costs are cheaper than for grass hays. In drought years, peanut often becomes the primary hay source for cattle farmers. However, it is only made on 25 to 40% of the total peanut acreage, as many peanut producers, particularly those who do not have to feed cattle, forget hay production and incorporate the residual vines as organic matter (Hill, 2002).

West Africa

In West Africa, peanut haulms are extensively fed to ruminants, especially in the dry season. Smallholder crop-livestock farmers consider forage and seed value with equal weightings. In the subhumid zone of West Africa, farmers prefer late-maturing cultivars to early-maturing types as the former provide more forage for livestock. Furthermore, the sale of forage is a major source of household income (Larbi et al., 1999). Crop residues such as peanut or pigeon pea haulms have been shown to provide up to 80% of livestock feed in densely populated areas of Nigeria (de Leeuw, 1997). In the Gambia, peanut hay is the traditional feed resource of choice, especially in urban areas. It is transported into peri-urban livestock facilities, where it is used in zero-grazing systems during the dry season of about nine months (Asaolu et al., 2010).

India

In India, peanut crop residues are widely used to feed livestock (NDDB, 2012). A study, conducted in villages with dairy enterprises in the Deccan Plateau, concluded that grains/pods and crop residues (sorghum and groundnut) almost equally contributed to the feed resource in mixed-crop livestock systems. In some villages, peanut hay comprised between 40 and 80% of the crop residues. In peanut-based crop-livestock systems, peanut hay was used for 8 months of the year in non-intensive dairy villages, and all year round in intensive dairy villages (Devi et al., 2000).

Peanut grown for forage

Peanut is now rarely specifically grown for forage, as the seed crop is much more valuable, though this was common in the first half of the 20th century in the USA (Sheely et al., 1942; Gorbet et al., 1994; Myer et al., 2010). The rhizoma (or perennial) peanut (Arachis glabrata), a similar species that produces few seeds, is grown for this purpose (French et al., 2006; Hill, 2002). In the USA, there have been some promising efforts, but not yet conclusive, to use again peanut as a forage crop only (Myer et al., 2010).

Distribution

Peanut is native of South America. It was cultivated in Peru at least as early as 1500 BCE and probably earlier. The Incas used its seeds, which were eaten toasted, and its oil. After the arrival of Europeans in America, peanut was spread worldwide. An oil mill was established in Spain in 1800, and West Africa became the primary source of peanut exportation in the 19th century (Pattee, 2005). Peanut is now a major crop, widely distributed throughout tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate areas in Asia, Africa, Oceania, North and South America, and Europe (Freeman et al., 1999). In 2014, peanut cultivation covered 25.7 million ha worldwide, including 13.1 million ha in Africa (51%), 11.2 million ha in Asia (44%) and 1.3 million ha in the Americas (5%) (FAO, 2016).

Peanut is cultivated throughout Africa, Sudan, Nigeria and Senegal being the main producers. In Western and Central Africa, peanut is cultivated in semi-arid areas. There a growing season of 75-150 days with an annual rainfall of 300-1200 mm is required. In Southern and Eastern Africa, peanut is also grown at an altitude of over 1500 m, with a rainfall of 300-1000 mm.
In Asia, most of the production occurs in India and China, though peanut is also grown in Indonesia, Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Vietnam. In India, about 80% of the peanut crop is rainfed, and grown in southern, western, and parts of central India during the south-west monsoon. The remaining 20% is irrigated, grown in the post-rainy season and in summer in southern, eastern and central India. In China, peanut is grown in rotation with wheat and maize. 25% of the production comes from the Shandong province in northern China. Growing conditions are diverse, with rainfall ranging from 400 to 2000 mm, and 150 to 300 frost-free days per year.
Argentina and Brazil together account for 66% of the peanut produced in Latin America and the Caribbean. The crop is grown mainly in semi-arid regions.
In the USA, production is concentrated in the south-east, in the Virginia-Carolina area, and the south-west.
In Europe, peanut is grown only in Bulgaria and small parts of Greece, Spain, and Yugoslavia (Freeman et al., 1999).

Forage management

Peanut cultivation falls under two broad categories (Freeman et al., 1999):

Low-input systems. In most African and Asian countries, smallholder farmers grow peanut as a semi-subsistence crop, primarily for food. The crop is cultivated under rainfed conditions, with no inputs other than land and labour. It is subject to drought stress and to high levels of pest and disease infestation. Average seed yields are about 700 kg/ha and can vary substantially from year to year.
High-input systems. In the USA, Australia, Argentina, Brazil, China and South Africa, peanut is grown for food and oil on a commercial scale using improved varieties, modern crop management practices, irrigation, and high levels of inputs such as fertilizer, herbicides, and pesticides. Farm operations are generally mechanized. Seed yields in these systems are considerably higher (2-4 t/ha) and more stable than in low-input systems.

The production of good peanut crop haulms requires hot drying conditions. When harvested under moist conditions, peanut haulms may become a blackened, diseased mass that needs to be dried (Suttie, 2000). Ideally, harvest should take place when the leaves become yellowish and begin to dry. Once the nuts are dug up, the partly dried haulms may be stacked in small heaps. In Asia, the haulms may be dried on the farm, on house roofs and other sunny places protected from livestock, or stacked on stakes. Drying takes 3 to 6 weeks and then the crop is threshed (Suttie, 2000). Peanut hay is sensitive to moisture, and, in rainy conditions, it should be stored in a barn, baled in plastic wrapping, or fed to livestock as soon as possible (Hill, 2002). In the USA, green peanut plants are lifted from the soil and inverted to expose the roots and nuts to the sun for drying. After several days of drying, adapted combines harvest the peanuts from the pods. The timing between inverting and harvest is critical to hay quality: prolonged rainfall after harvest, delayed harvesting or too high a moisture content in the vines are detrimental to hay quality. In addition, mechanical harvesting displaces considerable amounts of soil that adhere to vines and leaves, resulting in a higher mineral content (Hill, 2002).

Environmental impact

Like other legume crops, peanut cultivation helps to improve soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation, and can thus contribute to significant improvements in the sustainability of cropping systems (Freeman et al., 1999).

Nutritional aspects

Nutritional attributes

Peanut crop residues have a very variable composition, which is conditioned by the respective proportion of leaves, stems and residual pods. Protein content is relatively low for legume forage, on average about 10-12% of DM, ranging from 6 to 17%. Fibre content is high, with crude fibre ranging from 15 to 51% of DM and lignin content averaging 10% of DM. Leaf shattering, which decreases the leaf:stem ratio and thus the nutritional value, is often significant when peanuts are harvested mechanically (Hill, 2002). Different combines also result in differences in hay, including stem length and quality (Hill, 2002). Ash is also relatively high (average 10% of DM with values up to 20% of DM), which can be expected from crop residues that include underground parts. When peanut harvest is highly mechanized, the crop residue can be particularly high in ash (Myer et al., 2010).

Whole peanut forage, which includes the nuts, contains more protein (15-16% of DM) and more lipids (about 13% of DM) than the crop residues (Johnson et al., 1979).

Potential constraints

Aflatoxins

Like other peanut products, peanut crop residues can be contaminated by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, and may, therefore, contain potentially toxic concentrations of aflatoxins (see the Peanut meal datasheet for a more comprehensive discussion of aflatoxin contamination). There have been several reports of lethal aflatoxicosis occurring in cattle fed peanut hay. In Australia, 12 drought-stricken calves died after being fed peanut hay. Most of the aflatoxins were concentrated in the residual pods (McKenzie et al., 1981). In the USA, 125 adult cattle fed peanut hay died of an acute respiratory distress syndrome (Roberson et al., 1997). Though these incidents are uncommon, it is recommended to ensure that peanut haulms are well-preserved and free of mould, particularly if the hay was harvested after heavy rains and not dried sufficiently (Hill, 2002).

Fungicide residues

Fungicides used in peanut production may not be cleared for the feeding of peanut hay, making the feeding of peanut hay containing residues of those fungicides illegal in some countries, including the USA (Myer et al., 2010).

Scouring

Early literature, from when peanut was grown as a forage crop, raised the risk of scouring in cattle fed too large quantities of the forage containing pods (Göhl, 1982). This risk is minimal today since livestock are fed crop residues rather than whole mature plants.

Rumen compaction

Occasional cases of rumen compaction have occurred when beef cows consumed too much peanut hay in a short period of time (Hill, 2002).

Ruminants

Peanut crop residues are a common ruminant feed in peanut producing countries. They are generally considered as having the nutritional value of a good grass or alfalfa hay (Hill, 2002). In Nigeria, a survey of peanut crop residues concluded that their protein content, higher than that of cereal crop residues, could effectively provide supplementary nitrogen to ruminants offered diets of low N cereal crop residues, especially during the dry season (Larbi et al., 1999).

Palatability

Digestibility and energy values

Peanut haulms have a moderate to good digestibility and energy value. In India, in a survey of 860 peanut haulm samples, the average in vitro OM digestibility was 56%, ranging from 52 to 61%. The average ME value (estimated by the gas production method) was 7.9 MJ/kg MD, ranging from 6.9 to 8.9 (Blummel et al., 2005).

Dairy cows

Crop residues

Experiments in the USA have shown that good quality peanut hay fed to lactating dairy cows resulted in total feed intake, hay intake, and milk production similar to that obtained with alfalfa hay (Ronning et al., 1953; Hawkins et al., 1957; McBrayer et al., 1981).

Whole plant silage

In the USA, diets containing 50% (DM) of whole plant (including the nuts) peanut silage were consumed readily by growing dairy heifers. Protein and lipid digestibilities were higher than with all maize silage diets, indicating that whole plant peanut silage could be used in cattle diets as a roughage supplying relatively high amounts of protein, energy, and fibre. Treatment of chopped peanuts with propionic acid-formaldehyde preservative did not affect animal responses (Johnson et al., 1979).

Beef cattle

Crop residues

In the USA, residual peanut hay is widely used to feed beef cattle (Hill, 2002). A comparison of peanut hay and Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) fed to growing heifers found that Bermuda grass gave better average daily gain, but that the lower results of the peanut hay were due to its large mineral load (McBrayer et al., 1981).

Pasture

In the USA, a grazing study with early weaned beef calves found that peanut pasture was initially an excellent forage, but that the lack of regrowth and declining forage quality resulted in lower growth rates in the later grazing periods. The short grazing season and lack of regrowth after grazing in a rotational grazing system would limit its value as a pasture crop (Myer et al., 2010).

Sheep

Crop residues

In tropical countries, most feeding trials focus on determining the best strategy for using peanut crop residues as a supplement for nutritionally poor sheep diets (Etela et al., 2011). In Nigeria, the nutritional quality of stover from the six dual-purpose peanut cultivars fed as sole diets to West African dwarf sheep supported adequate nutrient intake, digestibility, daily live-weight gain and nitrogen balance. However, using them as supplements to poor quality roughages during the dry season might be preferable, because their use as sole diets appears to require more feed per animal (Etela et al., 2011). In India, growing lambs were economically fed a complete diet containing up to 40% peanut haulms, though the highest daily gain was obtained with 20% haulms (Durga Prasad et al., 1986). In Niger, when Peul Oudah rams were fed up to 450 g/d of peanut haulms with ad libitum bush hay, increasing levels of haulms led to higher average daily gain, but the gain remained too low to be profitable. It was suggested that a source of energy, such as millet bran, was added to the diet to improve both growth rate and profitability (Ayantunde et al., 2007). The supplementation of the diets of Oudah male lambs with peanut haulms had a positive effect on intake, weight gain and feed efficiency. It was suggested that, in the dry season, it is practical to supplement sheep with low levels (200 g/d) of peanut haulms together with a low level of bran to support moderate gain. When feed is plentiful, it may be more suitable to supplement with 400 g/d of peanut haulms, in association with moderate levels of bran, to allow acceptable growth performance in male lambs (Abdou et al., 2011).

Whole plant hay

In the USA, a comparison of different legume hays for lambs found that peanut hay (mature whole plant) from both annual and perennial species gave a better performance than the hays from sobyean, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) (Foster et al., 2009).

Goats

In Zimbabwe and Nigeria, peanut crop residues met the maintenance energy requirements of adult goats, even at increasing levels of dietary inclusion (Ndlovu et al., 1995; Malau-Aduli et al., 2003).

Pigs

In India, groundnut haulms, included in the diets of indigenous pigs at 20-30%, replaced maize grain without adversely affecting the growth, intake, feed conversion efficiency and carcass characteristics (Rao et al., 1989). In Vietnam, fresh peanut vines fed to growing pigs had a digestible energy content of 7.8 MJ/kg DM (Bui Huy Nhu Phuc, 2006).

Poultry

Peanut crop residues are rich in fibre so their value as a feed for poultry is limited and they can only be used in small amounts. In India, the incorporation of peanut haulms at 6% of the diet for broilers partially replaced maize and soybean meal without any harmful effects on feed intake, growth and feed conversion ratio (Ribadiya et al., 2015).

Rabbits

Crop residues

In tropical countries peanut crop residues are frequently fed to rabbits, in addition to a concentrate (Iyeghe-Erakpotobor et al., 2009; Nwagu et al., 2010; Osei et al., 2012), or included in a complete diet (Aduku et al., 1986; Rao et al., 1986; Gongnet et al., 1998; Li et al., 2012). In complete diets, the incorporation level is frequently in the 20-30% range (Rao et al., 1986; Njidda et al., 2011; Gongnet et al., 1998), but in some cases it has been increased successfully up to 40-50% (Aduku et al., 1986; Muir et al., 1996; Farinu, 1994; Iyeghe-Erakpotobor, 2012). The effectiveness of the inclusion of peanut haulms in rabbit diets depends mainly on their quality, including leaf:stem ratio, drying conditions and contamination with aflatoxins. In different studies, peanut haulms replaced up to 50% of the concentrate without alteration of growth or slaughter performance (Ngodigha et al., 1994; Alli-Balogun et al., 2003). Peanut haulms have also completely replaced alfalfa hay (Oyawoye et al., 1990) or berseem hay (Ibrahim, 2000) in complete diets.

Fresh foliage

Fresh peanut foliage is willingly consumed by rabbits (Adehan et al., 1994; Iyeghe-Erakpotobor et al., 2008). This forage containing 16-17% protein and 20-25% crude fibre (in the DM) is effectively used, with the addition of a concentrate, to feed rabbits in several countries, including Nigeria, Java and China (Carew et al., 1989; Prawirodigdo, 1985; Pu et al., 1990).

Ensiled foliage

Ensiled peanut foliage used in addition to a concentrate gave better reproductive performance and higher milk yield than pressed sugarcane stalk or dried pangola grass (control), as a consequence of its higher consumption: 193 g/d vs. 25-35 g/d for the other forages (Nguyen Quang Suc et al., 1995).

Horses and donkeys

In a comparison of annual (grown for forage) and perennial peanut forage, annual peanut hay was found to have thicker stems and to be very dusty, and, therefore, eaten reluctantly by horses. Peanut forage was best recommended as silage/haylage or as a grazed legume because of the losses in nutritive quality during harvest and storage (Eckert, 2008).

Fish

Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

In Mexico, diets of juvenile Nile tilapia included up to 20% peanut leaf meal protein (31% of the diet) as a partial replacement for fish meal without significant negative effects on fish growth and health (Garduño-Lugo et al., 2008).

Nutritional tables

Tables of chemical composition and nutritional value

Avg: average or predicted value; SD: standard deviation; Min: minimum value; Max: maximum value; Nb: number of values (samples) used

Peanut crop residues, dry

Peanut hay, peanut straw, peanut haulms, peanut stover, peanut tops

Main analysis	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Dry matter	% as fed	91.2	1.3	87.5	95.2	288
Crude protein	% DM	11.1	2.3	6.2	17.2	303
Crude fibre	% DM	33.7	8.0	16.5	51.2	264
NDF	% DM	51.8	9.1	31.9	71.3	185
ADF	% DM	43.9	8.1	25.1	62.2	223
Lignin	% DM	10.2	2.4	5.1	15.1	217
Ether extract	% DM	1.7	0.6	0.3	3.9	247
Ash	% DM	9.9	3.3	3.7	20.0	292
Gross energy	MJ/kg DM	17.8	1.2	16.3	20.1	16	*

Minerals	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Calcium	g/kg DM	11.0	2.9	4.8	18.9	204
Phosphorus	g/kg DM	1.5	0.6	0.4	4.3	203
Potassium	g/kg DM	11.1	4.7	0.5	22.3	198
Sodium	g/kg DM	0.4	0.3	0.0	1.1	41
Magnesium	g/kg DM	6.0	1.7	2.2	9.3	198
Manganese	mg/kg DM	124	46	28	226	74
Zinc	mg/kg DM	27	17	13	107	76
Copper	mg/kg DM	6	2	4	14	76
Iron	mg/kg DM	3045				1

Amino acids	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Alanine	% protein	4.1				1
Arginine	% protein	4.1				1
Aspartic acid	% protein	9.9				1
Cystine	% protein	0.9				1
Glutamic acid	% protein	8.6				1
Glycine	% protein	4.3				1
Histidine	% protein	2.3				1
Isoleucine	% protein	3.2				1
Leucine	% protein	5.5				1
Lysine	% protein	4.5				1
Methionine	% protein	1.2				1
Phenylalanine	% protein	3.9				1
Proline	% protein	16.9				1
Serine	% protein	4.2				1
Threonine	% protein	3.5				1
Tyrosine	% protein	2.9				1
Valine	% protein	4.4				1

Secondary metabolites	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Tannins, condensed (eq. catechin)	g/kg DM	26.8				1

In vitro digestibility and solubility	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
OM digestibility, pepsin-cellulase	%	56.2	7.9	40.5	71.8	96

Ruminant nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
OM digestibility, ruminants	%	59.0	9.3	42.2	74.3	8	*
Energy digestibility, ruminants	%	55.2					*
DE ruminants	MJ/kg DM	9.8					*
ME ruminants	MJ/kg DM	7.9					*
Nitrogen digestibility, ruminants	%	65.3	8.7	53.0	77.4	5

Pig nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Energy digestibility, growing pig	%	37.1					*
DE growing pig	MJ/kg DM	6.6					*

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

Alibes et al., 1990; Ayoade et al., 1983; Bennison et al., 1998; Chakeredza et al., 2002; CIRAD, 1991; CIRAD, 2008; Dada, 2002; Foster et al., 2009; FUSAGx/CRAW, 2009; Gowda et al., 2004; Grimit, 1984; Iyeghe-Erakpotobo, 2007; Krishnamoorthy et al., 1995; Mahabile et al., 2000; Manyuchi et al., 1997; Manyuchi et al., 1997; McMeniman et al., 1988; Mupeta et al., 1997; Neumark, 1970; Nouala et al., 2009; Parigi-Bini et al., 1991; Richard et al., 1989; Savadogo et al., 2000; Van Wyk et al., 1951; Vargas et al., 1965

Last updated on 02/10/2016 18:26:16

Peanut crop residues, fresh

Main analysis	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Dry matter	% as fed	19.8	4.8	16.9	26.9	4
Crude protein	% DM	15.7	3.1	10.9	21.9	45
Crude fibre	% DM	22.2	2.4	17.5	29.8	26
NDF	% DM	35.2	4.8	30.4	41.9	7
ADF	% DM	29.1	6.4	17.7	38.8	15
Lignin	% DM	8.9	4.9	3.4	16.8	14
Ether extract	% DM	2.8	0.5	1.7	3.9	28
Ash	% DM	16.3	5.8	8.1	30.4	41
Gross energy	MJ/kg DM	16.7	0.6	16.7	18.1	3	*

Minerals	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Calcium	g/kg DM	14.6	2.9	9.3	19.5	34
Phosphorus	g/kg DM	2.0	0.5	0.7	3.1	38
Potassium	g/kg DM	18.9	4.1	10.9	27.3	32
Sodium	g/kg DM	0.6				1
Magnesium	g/kg DM	6.1	1.3	4.0	8.6	34

Amino acids	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Alanine	% protein	4.9				1
Arginine	% protein	5.6	1.0	4.8	6.7	3
Aspartic acid	% protein	9.9				1
Cystine	% protein	1.0				1
Glutamic acid	% protein	9.9				1
Glycine	% protein	4.7		4.2	5.2	2
Histidine	% protein	2.0	0.2	1.9	2.2	3
Isoleucine	% protein	3.9	0.4	3.6	4.4	3
Leucine	% protein	7.1	0.5	6.6	7.6	3
Lysine	% protein	4.4	1.0	3.6	5.6	3
Methionine	% protein	1.2	0.4	0.9	1.6	3
Phenylalanine	% protein	5.4	0.2	5.2	5.5	3
Proline	% protein	4.7				1
Serine	% protein	4.3				1
Threonine	% protein	4.0	0.3	3.7	4.3	3
Tyrosine	% protein	3.6	0.2	3.5	3.8	3
Valine	% protein	4.8	0.3	4.6	5.1	3

Ruminant nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
OM digestibility, ruminants	%	73.1					*
Energy digestibility, ruminants	%	69.9					*
DE ruminants	MJ/kg DM	11.7					*
ME ruminants	MJ/kg DM	9.4					*

Pig nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Energy digestibility, growing pig	%	55.3		44.8	60.0	2	*
DE growing pig	MJ/kg DM	9.2		7.8	10.9	2	*

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

Bui Huy Nhu Phuc, 2006; Busson, 1963; CIRAD, 1991; Dongmeza et al., 2009; Lim Han Kuo, 1967; Muir, 2002; Nasrullah et al., 2003; Phuc et al., 2000; Pozy et al., 1996

Last updated on 02/10/2016 18:23:53

References

Abdou, N. ; Nsahlai, I. V. ; Chimonyo, M., 2011. Effects of groundnut haulms supplementation on millet stover intake, digestibility and growth performance of lambs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 169 (3–4): 176–184
Adehan, R. ; Kpodekon, M. ; Houenon, J. ; Ossenti, T. B. ; Lebas, F., 1994. Comparative study of palatability of twenty three forages used in rabbit breeding: first results. Cahiers Options Mediterranéennes, 8: 125-129
Aduku, A. O. ; Okoh, P. N. ; Njoku, P. C. ; Orjichie, E. A. ; Aganga, A. A. ; Dim, N. I., 1986. Evaluation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea) haulms as feedstuffs for weanling rabbits in a tropical environment (Nigeria). J. Appl. Rabbit Res., 9 (4): 178-180
Alhassan, W. S., 1987. Studies on untreated crop residue utilization in Red Sokoto (Maradi) goats. Goat production in the humid tropics. Proc. Workshop, University of Ife, Ile Ife, Nigeria, 20-24/7/1987, Smith, O.B. ed.
Alli-Balogun, J. K.; Nwanta, J. A., 2003. Comparative evaluation of some crop residues on rabbit performance. Sokoto J. Vet. Sci., 5 (2): 7-9
Asaolu, V. O. ; Odeyinka, S. M. ; Akinbamijo, O. O. ; Sodeinde, F. G. , 2010. Effects of moringa and bamboo leaves on groundnut hay utilization by West African Dwarf goats. Livest. Res. Rural Dev., 22 (1)
Ayantunde, A. A. ; Delfosse, P. ; Fernandez-Rivera, S. ; Gerard, B. ; Dan-Gomma, A., 2007. Supplementation with groundnut haulms for sheep fattening in the West African Sahel. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 39(3): 207-216
Baughman, T. ; Grichar, J. ; Black, M. ; Woodward, J. ; Porter, P. ; New, L. ; Baumann, P. ; McFarland, M., 2012. Texas Peanut Production Guide. Texas A&M University
Blair, R., 2011. Nutrition and feeding of organic cattle. CAB Books, CABI
Blummel, M. ; Ramakrishna Reddy C. ; Ravi, D. ; Nigam, S. N. ; Upadhyaya, H. D., 2005. Food-fodder traits in groundnut. J. SAT Agric. Res., 1 (1): 1-3
Bui Huy Nhu Phuc, 2006. Review of the nutritive value and effects of inclusion of forages in diets for pigs. Workshop-seminar Forages for Pigs and Rabbits MEKARN-CelAgrid, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 22-24 August, 2006
Carew, S. N.; Ayoade, J. A.; Zungwe, E. N., 1989. Composition of plants fed to rabbits in Benue State of Nigeria. J. Appl. Rabbit Res., 12: 169-170
de Leeuw, P. N., 1997. Crop residues in tropical Africa: Trends in supply, demand and use. In: Renard C. (ed), Crop Residues in Sustainable Mixed Crop/Livestock Farming Systems, ICRISAT, ILRI
Devi, K. R. ; Bandyopadhyay, R. ; Hall, A. J. ; Indira, S. ; Pande, S. ; Jaiswal, P., 2000. Farmers' perceptions of the effects of plant diseases on the yield and nutritive value of crop residues used for peri-urban dairy production on the Deccan Plateau: findings from participatory rural appraisals. ICRASAT
Durga Prasad, R. D. ; Prasad, D. A. ; Ramachandra Reddy, R., 1986. Evaluation of complete rations containing groundnut haulms for lambs. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 56 (2): 258-261
Eckert, J. V., 2008. Nutritional evaluation of perennial peanut, annual peanut, and Tifton 85 Bermudagrass hays in horses. Master's dissertation, University of Florida
Ekpenyong, T. E., 1986. Nutrient composition of tropical feedstuffs available for rabbit feeding. J. Appl. Rabbit Res., 9 (3): 100-102
Etela, I. ; Dung, D. D., 2011. Utilization of stover from six improved dual-purpose groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars by West African Dwarf Sheep. Afr. J. Food Agric., Nutr. Devel., 11 (1): 4538-4545
FAO, 2016. FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Farinu, G. O., 1994. Effect of feeding a compound diet based on non-conventional feedstuffs on growth and carcass characteristics of rabbits. World Rabbit Science, 2 (4): 123-126
Foster, J. L. ; Adesogan, A. T. ; Carter, J. N. ; Blount, A. R. ; Myer, R. O. ; Phatak, S. C., 2009. Intake, digestibility, and nitrogen retention by sheep supplemented with warm-season legume hays or soybean meal. J. Anim. Sci., 87 (9): 2891-2898
Freeman, H.A. ; Nigam, S. N. ; Kelly, T. G. ; Ntare, B. R. ; Subrahmaniyam, P. ; Boughton, D., 1999. The World groundnut economy: facts, trends, and outlook. Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India: ICRISAT, 52 pp.
French, E. C ; Prine, G. M. ; Blount, A.R., 2006. Perennial peanut: an alternative forage of growing importance. Univ. Florida, IFAS, Coop. Ext. Ser. SS-AGR-39
Garduño-Lugo, M.; Olvera-Novoa, M. Á., 2008. Potential of the use of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) leaf meal as a partial replacement for fish meal in diets for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Aquac. Res., 39 (12): 1299-1306
Göhl, B., 1982. Les aliments du bétail sous les tropiques. FAO, Division de Production et Santé Animale, Roma, Italy
Gongnet, G. P.; Nzimulinda, J. C.; Shoner, J. P., 1998. Effet de la supplémentation en phytase microbienne (Aspergillus niger) de la ration sur l'utilisation du phosphore alimentaire chez le lapin en croissance. Actes Inst. Agron. Vet. (Maroc), 18 (2): 87-92
Gorbet, D. W. ; Stanley, R. L. Jr. ; Knauft, D. A., 1994. Forage potential of cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Peanut Sci., 21 (2): 112-115
Hawkins, G. E. ; Autrey, K. M., 1957. Peanut hay for milking cows. Leaflet No. 53. Auburn (AL): Agricultural Experimental Staation of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute
Hill, G. M., 2002. Peanut by-products fed to cattle. Vet. Clin. Food Anim., 18 (2): 295–315
Hill, G. M., 2002. Peanut by-products fed to cattle. Vet. Clin. Food Anim., 18 (2): 295–315
Ibrahim, M. R. M., 2000. Efficiency of using peanut hay and carrot-tops hay for feeding growing rabbits. Egyptian J. Rabbit Sci., 10 (1): 147-156
Ikhatua, U. J. ; Adu, I. F., 1984. A comparative evaluation of the utilization of groundnut haulms and Digitaria smutsii hay by Red Sokoto goats. J. Anim. Prod. Res., 4 (2): 145-152
Iyeghe-Erakpotobor, G. T. ; Muhammad, I. R., 2008. Intake of tropical grass, legume and legume-grass mixtures by rabbits. Trop. Grassl., 42: 112-119
Iyeghe-Erakpotobor, G. T.; Adekegun, E. S.; Titus, S. Y., 2009. Performance of rabbits on stylo and groundnut haulms. Nigerian J. Anim. Prod., 36: 288-296
Iyeghe-Erakpotobor, G. T., 2007. Effect of concentrate and forage type on performance and digestibility of growing rabbits under sub-humid tropical conditions. Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 2 (3): 125-132
Iyeghe-Erakpotobor, G. T., 2012. Utilization of Arachis hypogea (groundnut) and Lablab purpureus (lablab) forage meal fed sole or mixed by growing rabbits. Tropicultura, 30 (4): 199-203
Johnson, J. C. Jr. ; Butler, J. L. ; Williams, E. J., 1979. Composition and nutritive value of whole plant peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) ensiled with and without propionic acid-formaldehyde treatment. J. Dairy Sci., 62 (8): 1258–1263
Krishnamoorthy, U. ; Soller, H. ; Steingass, H. ; Menke, K. H., 1995. Energy and protein evaluation of tropical feedstuffs for whole tract and ruminal digestion by chemical analyses and rumen inoculum studies in vitro. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 52 (3-4): 177-188
Larbi, A. ; Dung, D. D. ; Olorunju, P. E. ; Smith, J. W. ; Tanko, R. J. ; Muhammad, I. R. ; Adekunle, I. O., 1999. Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) for food and fodder in crop-livestock systems: forage and seed yields, chemical composition and rumen degradation of leaf and stem fractions of 38 cultivars. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 77 (1-2): 33-47
Li, R. G.; Wang, X. P.; Wang, C. Y.; Ma, M. W.; Li, F. C., 2012. Growth performance, meat quality and fatty acid metabolism response of growing meat rabbits to dietary linoleic acid. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 25 (8): 1169-1177
Malau-Aduli, B. S. ; Eduvie, L. ; Lakpini, C. ; Malau-Aduli, E. O., 2003. Chemical compositions, feed intakes and digestibilities of crop residue based rations in non-lactating Red Sokoto goats in the subhumid zone of Nigeria. Anim. Sci. J., 74: 89-94
McBrayer, A. C. ; Utley, P. R., McCormick, W. C., 1981. Comparison of high quality peanut hay and Tifton 44 bermudagrass hay when fed to yearling heifers. Research Report 383. Athens (GA): University of Georgia College of Agriculture Experimental Station
McKenzie, R. A. ; Blaney, B. J. ; Connele, M. D. ; Fitzpatrick, L. A., 1981. Acute aflatoxicosis in calves fed peanut hay. Aust. Vet. J., 57 (6): 284–286
Muir, J. P. ; Massaete, E. S., 1996. Seasonal growth in rabbits fed wheat and maize bran with tropical forages. Livest. Res. Rural Dev., 8 (1)
Myer, R. O. ; Adesogan, A. T. ; Blount, A. R. ; Gorbet, D. W. ; Tillman, B. L., 2010. The annual cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) as a potential forage crop for livestock in the Southeastern U.S.. AN255, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida
Myung, K. H. ; Kim, Y. S. ; Sun, S. S., 1986. Improving nutritive value of peanut straw by NaOH treatment. Korean J. Anim. Sci., 28 (2): 94-98
NDDB, 2012. Nutritive value of commonly available feeds and fodders in India. National Dairy Development Board, Animal Nutrition Group, Anand, India
Ndlovu, L. R. ; Hove, L., 1995. Intake, digestion and rumen parameters of goats fed mature veld hay ground with deep litter poultry manure and supplemented with graded levels of poorly managed groundnut hay. Livest. Res. Rural Dev., 6 (3)
Ngodigha, E. M.; Sese, B. T.; Adeleye, I. O. A., 1994. Dietary fibre utilization and growth performance of young rabbits fed on rabbit concentrates replaced with graded levels of groundnut haulms. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 5 (1): 21-27
Nguyen Quang Suc; Dinh Van Binh; Le Viet Ly; Preston, T. R., 1995. Studies on the use of dried pressed sugar cane stalk and fresh peeled sugar cane stalk for rabbits. Livest. Res. Rural Dev., 7 (2)
Njidda, A. A. ; Isidahomen, C. E., 2011. Hematological parameters and carcass characteristics of weanling rabbits fed sesame seed meal (Sesamum indicum) in a semi-arid region. Pakistan Vet. J., 31 (1): 35-39
Nwagu, F. O.; Nwagu, B. I.; Iyeghe-Erakpotobor, G. T., 2010. Partitioning of protein for growth by rabbits fed groundnut and Stylosanthes forages supplemented with concentrate. Nigerian J. Anim. Sci., 12: 93-101
Osei, D. Y. ; Apori, S. O. ; Osafo, E. L. K., 2012. Rabbit production in selected urban areas of southern Ghana: status and implications for policy and research. J. Anim. Prod., 14 (2): 131-139
Oyawoye, E. O. ; Oyikin, M. E. ; Shehu, Y., 1990. Studies in the nutrition of rabbits. 1. Chemical evaluation of some tropical legumes as replacements for alfalfa in rabbit diets. J. Appl. Rabbit Res., 13 (1): 32-34
Pattee, H. E., 2005. Peanut oil. In: Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Sixth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Prawirodigdo, S., 1985. Green feeds for rabbits in West and Central Java. J. Appl. Rabbit Res., 8 (4): 181-182
Pu, K.; Pelant, R. K., 1990. Rabbit production in Sichuan province, China. J. Appl. Rabbit Res., 13: 26-31
Putnam, D. H. ; Oplinger, E. S. ; Teynor, T. M. ; Oelke, E. A. ; Kelling, K. A. ; Doll, J. D., 1991. Peanut. In: Alternative Field Crop Manual, University of Wisconsin-Exension, Cooperative Extension
Rao, K. S.; Reddy, M. R.; Reddy, G. V. N., 1986. Utilization of unconventional roughages in the formulation of complete feed for rabbits: effect on growth and carcass characteristics. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 3 (4): 238-243
Rao, D. S. ; Prasad, J. R. ; Krishnamacharlu, E. ; Krishna, N., 1989. Effect of replacing maize grain with groundnut haulms on the performance, nutrient utilization and carcass traits in native pigs. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 6 (3): 234-239
Ravichandran, T. ; Teufel, N. ; Bluemmel, M. ; Markemann, A. ; Valle Zárate, A., 2012. Can an improved dual purpose groundnut cultivar increase milk production in crop-livestock systems in India?. Tropentag, September 19-21, 2012, Göttingen - Kassel/Witzenhausen
Ribadiya, N. K. ; Savsani, H. H. ; Patil, S. S. ; Garg, D. D. ; Gadariya, M. R. ; Karangiya, V. K. ; Gajera, A. P., 2015. Effect of feeding varying levels of groundnut haulms on feed intake and growth performance in broiler chickens. Vet. World, 8(2): 139–142
Roberson, J. R. ; Warnick, L. ; Swecker, W. S. ; Whittier, W. D. ; Blodgett, D. J. ; Robertson J. L., 1997. Acute respiratory distress syndrome in adult cattle fed peanut-vine hay. Vet. Med., 92 (7): 644–650
Ronning, M. ; Kuhlman, A. H. ; Cave, H. C. ; Gallup, W. D., 1953. Feeding tests with threshed peanut hay for dairy cattle. Bulletin No. B-400. Stillwater (OK): Oklahoma Agricultural Experimental Station, OK A&M College
Sangines, G. L. ; Corrales E. C. ; Perez Gil Romo, F., 1984. Protective effect of formaldehyde on protein of whole groundnut plant silage. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion, 34 (4): 724-734
Sheely, W. J. ; Becker, R. B. ; Mehrhof, N. R. ; Brown, H. L., 1942. Feeding peanut meal and hay to beef cattle, dairy cows, swine and poultry. Bulletin 115, August 1942, Agricultural Extension Service, Gainsville Florida
Shukla, P. C. ; Talpada, P. M. ; Desai, M. C. ; Valand, M. I. ; Desai, H. B., 1985. Composition and nutritive value of groundnut haulm as an industrial byproduct. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 2 (2): 89-90
Singh, F. ; Diwakar, B., 1993. Nutritive value and uses of pigeonpea and groundnut. Skill Development Series no. 14, ICRISAT
Suttie, J. M., 2000. Hay and straw conservation for small-scale farming and pastoral conditions. FAO Plant Production and Protection Series No. 29, FAO, Rome
Wanapat, M. ; Devendra, C., 1985. Relevance of crop residues as animal feeds in developing countries. Proc. Int. Workshop, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Nov. 29 Dec. 2, 1984, Khon Kaen University, International Foundation for Science

Datasheet citation

Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Lebas F., 2017. Peanut forage. Feedipedia, a programme by INRAE, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://feedipedia.org/node/695 Last updated on January 23, 2017, 17:15

English correction by Tim Smith (Animal Science consultant)

Image credits

Sponsored by

Automatic translation

Feed categories

Scientific names

Tools

Resources

Peanut forage