African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa & Parkia filicoidea)

Datasheet

Description

Click on the "Nutritional aspects" tab for recommendations for ruminants, pigs, poultry, rabbits, horses, fish and crustaceans

Common names

African locust bean, monkey cutlass tree, two ball nitta-tree, fern leaf [English]; néré, nerre, arbre à farine, caroubier africain [French]; Farroba [Portuguese]; néré [Bambara]; dosso [Djerma]; runo [Kanouri]; rouaga [More]; netto, nété, nér [Mandika]; dawa-dawa, dawadawa, dadawa, ogiri okpi [Igbo]; narghi [Fulani]; netetou [Gambia]; kinds [Sierra Leone]; dours [Sudan]; mnienze, mkunde [Swahili] (USDA, 2017; Orwa et al., 2009; NRC, 2006)

Species

Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) G.Don ; Parkia filicoidea Welw. ex Oliv. [Fabaceae]

Synonyms

Parkia hildebrandtii Harms

Taxonomic information

Parkia biglobosa and Parkia filicoidea are closely related species similar to each other, and the common name African locust bean has been used for both species (USDA, 2017). As the result there is a long-standing confusion between those species, even in the scientific literature. For that reason, this datasheet deals with both species.

Related feed(s)

Description

African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) G.Don and Parkia filicoidea Welw. ex Oliv.) is a multipurpose tree legume found in many African countries. The seeds, the fruit pulp and the leaves are used to prepare numerous foods and drinks, and to feed livestock and poultry.

Morphology

African locust bean is a medium-sized legume tree that reaches 20-30 m high. It has a dense, widely spreading umbrella-shaped crown and a cylindrical trunk that can reach 130 cm in diameter, often branching low. The bark is longitudinally fissured, scaly between the fissures, thick, ash-grey to greyish-brown in colour. It exudes an amber gum when cut. The leaves are alternate and bipinnately compound, 30-40 cm long, bearing up to 17 pairs of pinnae. Its beanets are numerous (13-60/pinna), subopposite, 8-30 mm long x 1.5-10 mm wide, rounded or obtuse at apex, glabrous but slightly ciliate near apex. The inflorescence is held on a long (10-35 cm) drooping peduncle. It is biglobose, showy, red in colour, and it looks like an electric bulb. The flowerhead is 4.5-7 cm long x 3.5-6 cm broad and it has a strong pungent smell. The many flowers are either bisexual, sterile or nectar-bearing. Bisexual flowers are pentamerous, 1-1.4 cm long, and corolla lobes are fused at their base. Sterile flowers are shorter and are borne near the peduncle, in the upper part of the inflorescence, and their nectar is attractive to bats that pollinate the flowers. The flowers begin to open at dusk, close and wilt at dawn, lasting only a single night. The fruit is a linear, glabrous and smooth, indehiscent pod that becomes brown at maturity. It is 12-30 (-35) cm long x 1.5-2.5 cm wide and contains up to 23 seeds embedded in a yellowish mealy pulp. The seeds are globose-ovoid, 5-15 mm, smooth and glossy dark in colour. There are about 2800-6700 seeds/kg. The seeds are hardcoated and can remain viable up to 8 years (Orwa et al., 2009; NRC, 2006; Sina et al., 2002; Hopkins, 1983).

Uses

African locust bean is a multipurpose tree. The seeds, pods, fruit pulp and leaves are edible and used as cooking or drinking ingredients. The tree is particularly valued for its fermentescible seeds. They are fermented to prepare a condiment that is called "soumbala", "dawadawa", "netetu" or "afinti" that is a strongly pugent as French cheese. This condiment used for sauce and soup seasoning is one of the most important commercial products traded in western Africa. Ground with moringa leaves, the seeds are ingredients for sauces and doughnuts. They can be roasted to make a coffee substitute known as "Sudan coffee".

In the mature pod, seeds are surrounded by a quantitatively important mucilaginous pulp which is separated from the seeds when they are collected. This mealy pulp is traditionally consumed as fresh food by local African populations (Campbell-Platt, 1980; Felker, 1981). It makes valuable baby food and is used to make a refreshing drink. The leaves can be boiled, mixed with cereal flour and eaten as vegetable. Flower buds are edible and added to salads (Orwa et al., 2009; Sina et al., 2002).

Fruit pulp, foliage and seeds of the African locust bean can be used to feed livestock and poultry. The fruit pulp and the seeds, once processed to remove antinutritional factors, can be included in livestock feed. The leaves provide useful though not very palatable fodder. Their usefulness is increased by the fact that they can be harvested during the dry season when feed is scarce. However, it should be mixed with other feed because their mineral content is too low. The flowers are attractive to bees and a good source of nectar. The African locust bean trees are suitable for beehives.

The wood is used in light constructions, poles, mortars, and many kinds of furniture and utensils. It is valuable firewood and provides pulp to make paper. The bark has many traditional uses in ethnomedicine. A root decoction is reported to treat coccidiosis in poultry. Green pods are used as fish poison to catch fish in rivers. African locust bean trees are used as ornamental. They are useful soil improvers and their leaves provide green manure (Sina et al., 2002).

Distribution

African locust bean is native to tropical Africa. It occurs in open savannah woodlands, in bush fallow and wooded farmland where cultivation is semi-permanent, in areas ranging from tropical forests with high and well-distributed rainfall, to arid zones (Orwa et al., 2009; Sina et al., 2002). It was introduced as a food plant into the West Indies and is now naturalized in Haiti. It has also been introduced into Sao Tomé by the Portuguese (Hopkins, 1983).

African locust bean is found between 5°N and 15°N, from the Atlantic coast in Senegal to southern Sudan and northern Uganda. It grows from sea level up to an altitude of 1350 m and prefers regions where mean annual temperature range is about 26-28°C (Sina et al., 2002). African locust bean grows in areas corresponding to a wide range of annual rainfall with a marked dry season of 5-7 months. In Guinea Bissau, Sierra Leone and Guinea, it grows where average annual rainfall range is between 2200 and 4500 mm. African locust bean can withstand arid zones with less than 400 mm rainfall (Orwa et al., 2009). It is very tolerant of poor soil conditions though it prefers deep well-drained and fertile soils (FAO, 2017; Sina et al., 2002). It can grow on rocky slopes, stony ridges or sandstone hills as well as on shallow lateritic soils (Sina et al., 2002). African locust bean trees are deeply taprooted and have the ability to restrict transpiration, which makes them able to withstand drought conditions. African locust bean is a fire-resistant heliophyte (FAO, 2017; Orwa et al., 2009; Sina et al., 2002).

In West Africa, the fermented seeds of African locust bean are commercially traded within the region and their use has been described since the 14th century. In northern Nigeria the annual production of African locust bean seeds is estimated at 200,000 t (Sina et al., 2002).

Forage management

African locust bean is mainly propagated by seeds. As the seeds are hardcoated, they should be treated with concentrated sulphuric acid and/or soaked in water during 24h prior to sowing. The seeds are generally sown in pots or in seedbeds as they require much attention: watering twice a day and weeding every two weeks. Direct sowing is possible but success rate is low as the strong smell of the seeds is attractive to rodents and other pests. Once the seedlings have reached 20-25 cm high, they can be planted out at 10 m x 10 m intervals. Vegetative propagation is possible. Grafting, cuttings taken from seedlings, and marcotting of 11-25 year old trees showed good results in Burkina Faso and Nigeria (Sina et al., 2002).

In the first stages of establishment African locust bean is sensitive to browsing and needs to be protected from livestock (Orwa et al., 2009). African locust bean is a long lived perennial that starts flowering 5-7 years after planting. Flowering occurs during the dry season in the drier places. The tree reaches its maximum height between 30 and 50 years and may live up to 100 years. Unlike other trees, African locust bean retains its leaves during the dry season and is thus much valued by farmers who can lop the branches and supplement the low quality forage available to their livestock.

Environmental impact

Agroforestry

Many crops can benefit from being planted under African locust bean canopy: maize, cassava, yams, sorghum and millet (Orwa et al., 2009).

Soil improver, shade and windbreak provider

African locust bean trees provide shade for forage grasses and livestock. They protect the soil from heat and wind and are potent nutrient cyclers from the deep soil layers. They bind soil particles and therefore have a potential merit in silvopastoral systems. Leafshed provides litter and hence organic matter to the soil. As livestock stands under the trees, they fertilize the soil with their dung (NRC, 2006; Sina et al., 2002; Campbell-Platt, 1980).

Nutritional aspects

Nutritional attributes

Foliage

Parkia spp. foliage is moderately rich in protein (9-18% DM) and very rich in fibre (ADF > 40%) and particularly in lignin (> 20% DM). Its nutritional value is thus limited.

Seeds

Parkia spp. seeds are rich in protein (30% DM) and lipids (17-20%), and poor in fibre (ADF 12%, lignin < 2%). They are a protein and energy ingredient.

Pods

Parkia spp. pods are less rich in protein (10-17% DM) and lipids (7-10%) than the seeds, and richer in fibre (ADF 20%, lignin 10%) due to the presence of husks. They are also rich in carbohydrates, mostly sugars and starch (> 50% DM).

Pod pulp

Parkia spp. pod pulp is poor in protein (3-11% DM) and lipids (<4 % DM), with a moderate fibre fraction (ADF 17%) and a large amount of carbohydrates (sugars > 40% DM).

Potential constraints

The raw seeds and fruit pulp contain saponins, lectins, tannins and trypsin inhibitors and must be detoxified before being fed to animals (Aregheore, 1998). Detoxification processes typically consist in washing or boiling (Alabi et al., 2005; Esenwah et al., 2008).

Ruminants

The role of Parkia filicoidea and Parkia biglobosa as fodder for livestock has long been recognised in the literature (NRC, 2006; Sabiiti et al., 1992), even if this use seems less popular than for human nutrition and medicine (Belem et al., 1996; Sinare et al., 2015). The leaves, seeds, pods and pulp are all used for ruminant feeding. The presence of antinutritional factors may limit palatability. It was suggested that seed extracts, and to a lesser extent leaf extracts may be potential anthelmintic agent in cattle (Soetan et al., 2011).

Leaves

The leaves are traditionally used, and whole branches are lopped for fodder (NRC, 2006). They can be used with success as forage to feed goats and large livestock, generally together with a concentrate (Sabiiti et al., 1992; Okagbare et al., 2004). The potential degradability of African locust bean fodder in cattle, sheep and goats was shown to be among the lowest compared with other typical browse species of Nigeria (Larbi et al., 1997). In particular, Parkia biglobosa leaves had lower in vitro DM digestibility than Gliricidia sepium, which could be attributed to a higher NDF, and probably tannin, contents (Sabiiti et al., 1992). The in vivo OM digestibility of Parkia leaves hay measured in goats was low (32%) (Adeloye et al., 1993).

African locust bean leaves included at up to 15% in the diet of Yankasa rams receiving Pennisetum pedicellatum as roughage and a concentrate had no ill-effect on blood parameters of the rams (Wada et al., 2014). African locust bean leaves given as sole forage did not result in live weight gain in West African dwarf female goats, suggesting that this forage would require a supplementation (Adeloye, 1994). Parkia filicoidea hay included as a supplement in a cassava-peel diet and compared to a control diet of Andropogon gayanus, maize and soybean meal, resulted in better DM intake than that obtained with the cassava peels-only supplement or with the control diet. Acceptabilities were enhanced at 25:75 and 50:50 cassava peel:Parkia hay mixtures. Nutrient digestibilities were higher with the 50% replacement diet, except for crude fibre and total ash. The availability of the cassava peel and Parkia hay at little or no cost and the good digestibility of the 50:50 combination would make the 50:50 combination of the plant products an acceptable dry season feed and a suitably cheap feed in subsistence goat-production (Adeloye et al., 1993).

Seeds and pods

The sugary pods are said to be much relished by cattle and other domestic livestock and to provide a valuable dry-season ration. Fresh green pods are traditionally used for livestock feeding in different West African countries (Campbell-Platt, 1980; Felker, 1981; Sabiiti et al., 1992).

Pulp

African locust bean pulp is widely used to feed local dairy cows and other livestock (cattle, sheep, donkeys) in Burkina Faso during the dry season (Amole et al., 2014). In Nigeria, including up to 30% fruit pulp in the diets of rams significantly improved digestibility and nutrient intake (Muhammad et al., 2016).

Pigs

In Northern Nigeria, ground seeds and the sugary pulp of African locust bean are fed to pigs (NRC, 2006). In Ghana, pigs fed isonitrogenous diets containing up to 20% African locust bean pulp showed better performance that those fed the control diet and no major detrimental effects on blood chemistry and carcass characteristics that could be attributed to the inclusion of the pulp (Tengan et al., 2011b).

Poultry

Information on the use of African locust bean products in poultry is limited. In a broiler trial, where Parkia spp. fruit pulp replaced up to 100% maize grain, results indicated that broilers can tolerate up to 25% replacement of maize with Parkia pulp without adverse effect on the performance, haematological and carcass characteristics of the birds (Bot et al., 2013).

Rabbits

Green leaves and pods

No specific information (as of 2017) seems available in the international literature on the use of Parkia spp. leaves or green pods in rabbit feeding. Pharmacological studies conducted with rabbits have identified in Parkia leaves anti-diarrhoeal and immuno-stimulating activities (Agunu et al., 2005; Yapo et al., 2010). Since the leaves and pods are widely used for ruminants, they could be considered as potential feed source for rabbits. Young trees (7-8 years old) can be pruned 2 to 4 times a year and provide cut-and-carry forage, which could be valuable for rabbits (Sabiiti et al., 1992). Direct experiments with rabbits would be welcome.

African locust bean trees sometimes host the semi-parasite mistletoe (Phragmanthera nigritana or Tapinanthus bangwensis). These potential sources of green forage can be used in rabbit feeding. When compared to Tridax procumbens distributed ad libitum in addition to a concentrate, these two types of mistletoe leaves completely replaced the control forage in rabbit breeding does feeding, without any deleterious effect on their performance or those of their young (Alemede et al., 2013; Alemede et al., 2014).

Pod pulp and husks

No information seems available in the international literature on the use of this pulp in rabbit feeding (as of 2017). As the pulp is used successfully to feed humans, livestock and poultry, it could be considered a potential source of energy in rabbit feeding but with a lower protein content (5%) than that of cereals. Direct experiments about the inclusion of this pulp in rabbit diets would be welcome, before recommendation of its use. The dried pod husks (24% crude fibre) could also be considered a potential source of fibre in rabbit feeding.

Seeds

Raw African locust bean seeds are very palatable for rabbits and are used in some commercial feeds (mixture of non-ground ingredients) for European pet rabbits (Lowe, 2010). However, this direct utilization remains questionable since some intestinal obstructions in pet rabbits were associated with the ingestion of intact Parkia seeds (Harcourt-Brown, 2007). After grinding, raw African locust bean seeds were introduced, without alteration of performance, in growing rabbits diets at up to 25-26% and so saving some maize and all the groundnut cake of the diet (Balogun et al., 1983; Daniel, 2015). Different treatments of the raw seeds before grinding, such as water extraction, autoclaving (Balogun et al., 1983), boiling, natural fermentation (Daniel, 2015; Akpet et al., 2012), and roasting (Akande, 2015), are able to improve the growing rabbits performance after introduction of the treated seeds at 12 to 25% of the diet. This improvement is generally explained by the reduction of some anti-nutritional compounds contained in the seeds, such as trypsin inhibitors, hydrocyanic acid or tannins (Esenwah et al., 2008; Daniel, 2015). For example, roasted African locust bean seeds (4-5 min at 80°C) were introduced in place of soybean meal and part of the dietary maize, up to 30% of rabbit diets, without significant alteration of dry matter, protein or fibre digestibility (Akande, 2015).

The growth rate improvement obtained by using the treated seeds in balanced diets is generally 10 to 20%, in comparison to raw seed utilisation or control diet (Balogun et al., 1983; Akpet et al., 2012; Daniel, 2015). However, any treatment represents an increase of the product cost, in comparison with raw seeds. In addition, treatments imply frequently a reduction of the dry matter mass of the treated seeds, particularly after fermentation. This loss of mass is demonstrated for traditional fermentation by the increase of the content of dry matter in protein (+20%) or ether extract (+30%), and the concomitant decrease of 32% of the total carbohydrates in the fermented seeds, in comparison with raw seeds (Esenwah et al., 2008). Direct experiments would be welcome to assess if the performance increase is sufficient to economically justify the feed ingredients cost increase, knowing that no physiological or health problem is associated with the use of raw African locust bean seeds in rabbit balanced diets.

Raw or processed locust bean seeds can be considered a suitable ingredient for rabbits due to their high content in protein and lipids and low fibre content. Proteins are rich in lysine (about 130-135% of growing rabbit requirements), but deficient in sulphur-containing amino acids (less than 70% of requirements) (Hassan et al., 2005; Lebas, 2013). For the lipids, fatty acids composition is characterized by a high level (20%) of behenic acid (C22:0), and close to 50% of linoleic acid with very few linoleic acid (Balogun et al., 1985), a situation which will largely influence the rabbit lipid composition (Lebas, 2007).

Fish

African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

African locust bean pulp was evaluated as a replacement for maize grain in Clarias gariepinus diets where the pulp replaced maize up to 100%. Performance (weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio) was not affected up to 40% inclusion rate. Economic evaluation of fish produced showed that a 40% inclusion rate reduced production cost by 24% with good fish performance (Sotulu et al., 2010).

Nutritional tables

Tables of chemical composition and nutritional value

Avg: average or predicted value; SD: standard deviation; Min: minimum value; Max: maximum value; Nb: number of values (samples) used

African locust bean (Parkia spp.), aerial part, fresh

Main analysis	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Dry matter	% as fed	56.8	5.4	47.8	63.8	6
Crude protein	% DM	12	2.1	8.6	17.7	27
Crude fibre	% DM	44.8					*
Ether extract	% DM	3.9	1.3	2.2	6.2	10
Ash	% DM	5.8	1.1	4	8	25
Insoluble ash	% DM	2		1.7	2.4	2
Neutral detergent fibre	% DM	61.9	5.8	46.3	75.7	23
Acid detergent fibre	% DM	54.3	7.7	36	68	25
Lignin	% DM	33.2	5.6	22	46.1	23
Gross energy	MJ/kg DM	19.8					*

Minerals	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Calcium	g/kg DM	11.6	4.9	6.3	17.6	5
Phosphorus	g/kg DM	0.9	0.3	0.5	1.2	5
Magnesium	g/kg DM	2.9		2.1	3.7	3
Potassium	g/kg DM	5.7		2.4	9.2	3

Secondary metabolites	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Tannins (eq. tannic acid)	g/kg DM	60	40	5	100	6
Tanins, condensed (eq. catechin)	g/kg DM	0.15		0.1	0.2	2

In vitro digestibility and solubility	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
In vitro DM digestibility (pepsin-cellulase)	%	28	4	24	38	19
In vitro OM digestibility (pepsin-cellulase)	%	25	4	19	35	19

Ruminant nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
DE ruminants	MJ/kg DM	6					*
ME ruminants	MJ/kg DM	4.8					*
Energy digestibility, ruminants	%	31					*
OM digestibility, ruminants	%	32					*
Nitrogen degradability (effective, k=6%)	%	23		19	30	2	*
a (N)	%	18		18	18	2
b (N)	%	47		34	60	2
c (N)	h-1	0.008		0.001	0.016	2
Dry matter degradability (effective, k=6%)	%	38		28	47	2	*
a (DM)	%	28		14	42	2
b (DM)	%	46		43	48	2
c (DM)	h-1	0.016		0.007	0.024	2

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

CIRAD, 1991; Larbi et al., 1998

Last updated on 20/12/2017 16:02:01

African locust bean (Parkia spp.), pod pulp

Main analysis	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Dry matter	% as fed	87.4	4.5	81.8	93.1	6
Crude protein	% DM	6.2	3.2	3.2	11.5	7
Crude fibre	% DM	14.4	3.8	6	17.8	8
Ether extract	% DM	1.7	0.8	1	3.1	6
Ash	% DM	6.1	3.9	3.6	15.4	8
Insoluble ash	% DM	0.5
Neutral detergent fibre	% DM	21.4		21.1	21.7	2
Acid detergent fibre	% DM	17.1		17.1	17.2	2
Lignin	% DM	1.1		1	1.3	2
Total sugars	% DM	43
Gross energy	MJ/kg DM	17.5					*

Minerals	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Calcium	g/kg DM	5.6		1.5	13.2	3
Phosphorus	g/kg DM	6.7		1.1	17.6	3
Magnesium	g/kg DM	1.9		1.7	2.1	2
Potassium	g/kg DM	16.2		15.9	16.5	2

In vitro digestibility and solubility	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
In vitro DM digestibility (pepsin-cellulase)	%	95
In vitro OM digestibility (pepsin-cellulase)	%	96

Ruminant nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
ME ruminants	MJ/kg DM	10.2					*
Energy digestibility, ruminants	%	70					*
OM digestibility, ruminants	%	74					*
Nitrogen digestibility, ruminants	%	46					*

Pig nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
DE growing pig	MJ/kg DM	12.4					*
MEn growing pig	MJ/kg DM	12					*
NE growing pig	MJ/kg DM	7.9					*
Energy digestibility, growing pig	%	71					*
Nitrogen digestibility, growing pig	%	57					*

Poultry nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
AMEn cockerel	MJ/kg DM	7.3					*
AMEn broiler	MJ/kg DM	7.2					*

Rabbit nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
DE rabbit	MJ/kg DM	11.7					*
MEn rabbit	MJ/kg DM	11.4					*
Energy digestibility, rabbit	%	58
Nitrogen digestibility, rabbit	%	63					*

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

AFZ, 2017; Anon., 1922; Bot et al., 2013; CIRAD, 1991; Moji et al., 2014; Sotolu et al., 2010; Tengan et al., 2011

Last updated on 20/12/2017 15:44:06

African locust bean (Parkia filicoidea), pods

Main analysis	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Dry matter	% as fed	91.3		89.4	93	3
Crude protein	% DM	13.4		9.7	16.9	3
Crude fibre	% DM	16		14	19.4	3
Ether extract	% DM	8.8		7.3	10.2	2
Ash	% DM	5.2		4.3	6.7	3
Neutral detergent fibre	% DM	25.8
Acid detergent fibre	% DM	19.9
Lignin	% DM	9.6
Starch (polarimetry)	% DM	11.9		11.4	12.5	2
Total sugars	% DM	39.7
Gross energy	MJ/kg DM	19.7					*

Minerals	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Phosphorus	g/kg DM	1.7

Ruminant nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
DE ruminants	MJ/kg DM	13.1					*
ME ruminants	MJ/kg DM	10.7					*
Energy digestibility, ruminants	%	66					*
OM digestibility, ruminants	%	69					*

Rabbit nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Energy digestibility, rabbit	%	63					*
Nitrogen digestibility, rabbit	%	60					*

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

AFZ, 2017; Oyenuga, 1968

Last updated on 20/12/2017 17:08:52

African locust bean (Parkia filicoidea), pod husks

Main analysis	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Dry matter	% as fed	93.6
Crude protein	% DM	4.7
Crude fibre	% DM	24
Ether extract	% DM	1.2
Ash	% DM	8.9
Gross energy	MJ/kg DM	17.3					*

Ruminant nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
DE ruminants	MJ/kg DM	10.7					*
ME ruminants	MJ/kg DM	8.9					*
Energy digestibility, ruminants	%	62					*
OM digestibility, ruminants	%	65					*

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

Oyenuga, 1968

Last updated on 20/12/2017 17:01:58

African locust bean (Parkia filicoidea), seeds

Main analysis	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Crude protein	% DM	31.1		30.3	31.8	2
Crude fibre	% DM	10.8		9.4	12.1	2
Ether extract	% DM	18.5		17.4	19.6	2
Ash	% DM	5.6		4.4	6.8	2
Neutral detergent fibre	% DM	19.1					*
Acid detergent fibre	% DM	11.9					*
Lignin	% DM	1.4					*
Gross energy	MJ/kg DM	22.5					*

Amino acids	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Lysine	g/16g N	6.7
Threonine	g/16g N	3.3
Methionine	g/16g N	0.6
Cystine	g/16g N	1.9
Tryptophan	g/16g N	0.9
Isoleucine	g/16g N	3.6
Valine	g/16g N	4.2
Leucine	g/16g N	6.9
Phenylalanine	g/16g N	4.4
Tyrosine	g/16g N	3.6
Histidine	g/16g N	3
Arginine	g/16g N	6.7
Alanine	g/16g N	4.5
Aspartic acid	g/16g N	8.9
Glutamic acid	g/16g N	17.4
Glycine	g/16g N	4.5
Serine	g/16g N	5
Proline	g/16g N	5.5

Minerals	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Calcium	g/kg DM	3.7
Phosphorus	g/kg DM	2.5
Magnesium	g/kg DM	3.6
Sodium	g/kg DM	0.05
Manganese	mg/kg DM	70
Zinc	mg/kg DM	62
Copper	mg/kg DM	80
Iron	mg/kg DM	380

Ruminant nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
ME ruminants	MJ/kg DM	16.2					*
Energy digestibility, ruminants	%	92					*
OM digestibility, ruminants	%	91					*
Nitrogen digestibility, ruminants	%	79					*

Pig nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
DE growing pig	MJ/kg DM	17.7					*
MEn growing pig	MJ/kg DM	16.7					*
NE growing pig	MJ/kg DM	11.9					*
Energy digestibility, growing pig	%	79					*
Nitrogen digestibility, growing pig	%	86					*

Rabbit nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
DE rabbit	MJ/kg DM	16.4					*
MEn rabbit	MJ/kg DM	15					*
Nitrogen digestibility, rabbit	%	87					*

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

Anon., 1922; Fetuga, 1974

Last updated on 20/12/2017 16:55:57

References

Adeloye, A. A.; Awosanya, B.; Joseph, K.; Olawoye, S., 1993. The feeding value of cured Parkia filicoidea welw. leaves with cassava peels to the goat. Bioresource Technol., 45 (2): 85-87
Adeloye, A. A., 1994. Preliminary investigations of Parkia filicoidea and Tephrosia bracteolata leaf meals in the diet of goat. Nigerian J. Anim. Prod., 21(1/2): 105-107
Agunu, A. ; Yusuf, S. ; Andrew, G. O. ; Zezi, A. U. ; Abdurahman, E. M., 2005. Evaluation of five medicinal plants used in diarrhoea treatment in Nigeria. J. Ethnopharm., 101 (1-3): 27-30
Ahoussi-Dahouenon, E. ; Adjou, E. S. ; Lozes, E. ; Yehouenou, L. L. ; Hounye, R. ; Famy, N. ; Soumanou, M. M. ; Sohounhloue, D. K. C., 2012. Nutritional and microbiological characterization of pulp powder of locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) used as a supplement in infant feeding in Northern Benin. Afr. J. Food Sci., 6 (9): 232–238
Akande, K. E., 2015. Effect of feeding locust bean on nutrient intake and digestibility of rabbits. Case Studies J., 4 (4): 40-43
Akpet, S.O.; Ukorebi, B.A.; Ayuk, E.A.; Essien, A.; Anoh, K.U., 2012. Effects of fermented locust bean seed (Parkia clapatoniana) as a replacement for full fat soybean meal on the performance and haemathological parameters of weaner rabbits. J. Biol. Agric. Healthc. 2 (7): 4-7
Alabi, D. A. ; Akinsulire, O. R. ; Sanyaolu, M. A., 2005. Qualitative determination of chemical and nutritional composition of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth.. Afr. J. Biotech., 4(8): 812-815
Alemede, I. C.; Fasanya, O. O. A.; Oke, A. O., 2013. Growth and reproductive performance of rabbits fed mistletoe leaves (Phragmanthera nigritana). J. Agric. Forest. Soc. Sci., 11 (1): 249-255
Alemede, I. C.; Ogunbajo, S. A.; Adetutu, B. A.; Taiwo, H., 2014. Reproductive performance of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) fed mistletoe (Tapinanthus bangwensis) leaves from different host plants. J. Nat. Sci. Res., 4 (10): 128-132
Amata, I. A.; Itebu, O., 2011. Effect of boiling on the proximate composition and nutrient profile of the leaves of Myrianthus arboreus. Afr. J. Gen. Agric., 7 (2): 55-63
Amole, T. A.; Ayantunde, A. A., 2014. Assessment of existing and potential feed resources to improve livestock productivity in the dryland areas of Burkina Faso. ILRI Project Report, Nairobi, Kenya
Anon., 1922. The composition of dawa-dawa pods from the Gold Coast. Bull. imp. Inst., Lond., 20: 461-463
Aregheore, E. M., 1998. A review of implications of antiquality and toxic components in unconventional feedstuffs advocated for use in intensive animal production in Nigeria. Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 40(1): 35-39
Balogun, O. O.; Balogun, E. A., 1983. The feeding potential of African locust-bean (Parkia filicoidea Welw) meal in rabbits. Nutr. Rep. Int., 27: 1231-1242
Balogun, A. M.; Fetuga, B. L., 1985. Fatty acid composition of seed oils of some members of the leguminosae family. Food Chem., 17 (3): 175-182
Belem, M.; Bognounou, O.; Ouedraogo, S. J.; Maiga, A. A., 1996. Les ligneux à usages multiples dans les jachères et les champs du Plateau Central du Burkina Faso. In: Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée, 38ᵉ année, bulletin n°1,1996. "Biodiversité, friches et jachères" pp. 251-272
Bot, M. H.; Bawa, G. S.; Abeke, F. O., 2013. Replacement value of maize with African locust beans (Parkia biglobosa) pulp meal on performance, haematological and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Nigerian J. Anim. Sci., 15 (1): 59-70
Campbell-Platt, G., 1980. African locust bean (parkia species) and its west african fermented food product, dawadawa. Ecol. Food Nutr., 9 (2): 123-132
Daniel, A. A., 2015. Effects of boiled and fermented African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa Linn.) seeds dietary inclusions on growth performance and carcass quality of weaner rabbits. Master's thesis, Dep. Biol. Sci., Faculty of Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
Esenwah, C. N.; Ikenebomeh, M. J., 2008. Processing effects on the nutritional and anti-nutritional contents of African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa Benth.) seed. Pakistan J. Nutr., 7 (2): 214-217
FAO, 2017. Grassland Index. A searchable catalogue of grass and forage legumes. FAO, Rome, Italy
Felker, P., 1981. Uses of tree legumes in semiarid regions. Econ. Bot., 35 (2): 174-186
Fetuga, B. L., 1974. Protein quality of some unusual protein foodstuffs. Studies on the African locust-bean seed (Parkia filicoidea Welw.). Br. J. Nutr., 32: 27-36
Gernah, D. I. ; Atolagbe, M. O. ; Echegwo, C. C., 2007. Nutritional composition of the African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) fruit pulp. Nigerian Food J., 25 (1): 190-196
Harcourt-Brown, F. M., 2007. Gastric dilation and intestinal obstruction in 76 rabbits. Vet. Rec.: J. British Vet. Assoc., 161: 409-414
Hassan, L. G., 2005. Protein and amino acids composition of African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa). Trop. Subtrop. Agroecosyst., 5 (1): 45-50
Hopkins, H. C., 1983. The taxonomy, reproductive biology and economic potential of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in Africa and Madagascar. Bot. J. Linnean Soc., 87 (2): 135-167
Larbi, A.; Smith, J. W.; Raji, A. M.; Kurdi, I. O.; Adekunle, I. O.; Ladipo, D. O., 1997. Seasonal dynamics in dry matter degradation of browse in cattle, sheep and goats. Small Rumin. Res., 25 (2): 129-140
Lebas, F., 2007. Acides gras en Oméga 3 dans la viande de lapin - Effets de l'alimentation. Cuniculture Magazine, 34: 15-20
Lebas, F., 2013. Feeding strategies for small and medium scale rabbit units. 3rd Conf. Asian Rabbit Prod. Association - Bali Indonesia - 27-29 August 2013
Lowe, J. A., 2010. Pet rabbit feeding and nutrition. In: Nutrition of the rabbit - 2nd edition. de Blas, C.; Wiseman, J. (Eds). CAB International, UK
Moji, A. ; Bawa, G. S., Sekoni A. A. ; Abeke, F. O. ; Inekwe, V. O. ; Odegbile, E. O., 2014. Phytochemical and nutritional evaluation of locust bean fruit pulp. J. Emerging Trends Engin. Appl. Sci., 5 (7): 44-47
Muhammad, N.; Maina, B. M.; Aljameel, K. M.; Maigandi, S. A.; Buhari, S., 2016. Nutrient intake and digestibility of Uda rams fed graded levels of Parkia biglobosa (African locust bean) yellow fruit pulp. Int. J. Livest. Res., 6 (5): 33-42
National Research Council, 2006. Lost Crops of Africa: Volume II: Vegetables. Chapter 11. Locust bean. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Nwokolo, E. ; Smartt, J., 1997. Food and feed from legumes and oilseeds. Springer, 419 p.
Okagbare, G. O.; Akpodiete, O. J.; Esiekpe, O.; Onagbesan, O. M., 2004. Evaluation of Gmelina arborea leaves supplemented with grasses (Panicum maximum and Pennisetum purpureum) as feed for West African dwarf goats. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 36 (6): 593-598
Orwa, C.; Mutua, A.; Kindt, R.; Jamnadass, R.; Anthony, S., 2009. Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. World Agroforestry Centre, Kenya
Oyenuga, V. A., 1968. Nigeria's foods and foodstuffs. Ibadan, University Press
Sabiiti, E. N.; Cobbina, J., 1992. Initial agronomic evaluation of Parkia biglobosa in the humid zone of Nigeria. Agrofor. Sys., 17(3): 271-279
Sina, S.; Traoré, S. A., 2002. Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R.Br. ex G.Don.. In: Oyen, L.P.A.; Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (eds), PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa/Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands
Sinare, H.; Gordon, L. J., 2015. Ecosystem services from woody vegetation on agricultural lands in Sudano-Sahelian West Africa. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 200: 186-199
Soetan, K. O.; Lasisi, O. T.; Agboluaje, A. K., 2011. Comparative assessment of in-vitro anthelmintic effects of the aqueous extracts of the seeds and leaves of the African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) on bovine nematode eggs. J. Cell Anim. Biol., 5(6): 109-112
Sotolu, A. O. ; Byanyiko, S. Y., 2010. Nutritive potentials of parkia biglobosa pulp meal in partial replacement for maize in the diets of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles. Electr. J. Environ. Agric. Food Chem., 9 (7): 1196-1202
Tengan, D. K. ; Okai, D. B. ; Boateng, M. ; Karbo, N., 2011. African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) - a feed resource. II. Effects of the fruit pulp on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing pigs. Proc. 17th Biennial Conference of the GSAP, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, 20-23 July 2011
Tengan, D. K. ; Okai, D. B. ; Boateng, M. ; Karbo, N., 2011. African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) - a feed resource. I. Fruit fractions, proximate components, lipid and fatty acids profile of the fruit pulp. Proc. 17th Biennial Conference of the GSAP, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, 20-23 July 2011
USDA, 2017. GRIN - Germplasm Resources Information Network. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
Wada, N. I.; Njidda, A. A.; Adamu, M.; Chibuogwu, C. I., 2014. Variation in haematological and serum biochemical indices of sheep fed Ziziphus mucronata and Parkia biglobosa (A comparative study). Global J. Biol. Agric. Health Sci., 3(4): 39-47
Yapo, F. A.; Yapi, F. H.; Sangare, M.; Ahiboh, H.; Yayo, E.; Attoumgbre, M. L. H.; Edjeme, A. N.; Latte, T.; Kassi, H.; Sawadogo, D.; Monnet, D.; Djaman, J. A., 2010. Effects of aqueous extract of leaves of Parkia biglobosa on markers of cellular immunity in rabbit . Agric. Biol. J. North Am., 1 (3): 1340 -1348

Datasheet citation

Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Edouard N., Lebas F., 2019. African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa & Parkia filicoidea). Feedipedia, a programme by INRAE, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://feedipedia.org/node/268 Last updated on March 21, 2019, 10:22

Image credits

Sponsored by

Automatic translation

Feed categories

Scientific names

Tools

Resources

African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa & Parkia filicoidea)