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Brewer's grains

Description and recommendations

IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This datasheet is pending revision and updating; its contents are currently derived from FAO's Animal Feed Resources Information System (1991-2002) and from Bo Göhl's Tropical Feeds (1976-1982).

Common names

Brewer's grains, wet brewer's grains, dried brewer's grains, brewer's spent grain, brewer's dried yeast

Species

Hordeum vulgare L. [Poaceae]

Related feed(s)

Description

Several by-products are produced in association with the production of beer, including wet or dried brewer’s grains and brewers dried yeast.

The nutritional content of the material will vary from plant to plant and depending upon the type of substrate being used (barley, wheat, corn, etc.), proportions being fermented and fermentative process being used. Some plants will dry the brewer’s grain and sell it as dried brewer’s grain, while others will have it available as wet brewer’s grain. Both types have similar feeding characteristics if the wet brewer’s grain is fed shortly after it is produced.

Wet brewer’s grains need to be used in close proximity to the plant producing them, since they contain large amounts of water (75-80%) and transporting can be expensive. On the other hand the water that it contains maybe very advantageous to livestock producers in areas where water quality and supply are limited.

The wet brewer’s grain are normally fed fresh, but can be ensiled. If ensiled the quality of the resultant silage can be improved by adding a readily fermentable carbohydrate source (molasses, cereal grain, etc.) that will accelerate the fermentation rate, which results in more acids being produced and a more stable silage.

Processes

Original AFRIS text

Grinding and screening of brewer’s grain has been shown to fractionate its nutrient components, with the fine material being higher in CP (39 %) and the courser being lower (21.5 %) and higher in fiber. Fluctuating the processing temperature from 80 to 200°C did not change the CP content, but nitrogen content of ADF (indigestible form) increased as temperature increased (Deltoro López et al., 1981 ; Pereira et al., 1998).

Packing and ensiling characteristics can be improved by blending the wet brewers grains prior to ensiling with other material that are dryer (forage, bran, hulls, etc.). If wet brewer’s grains are ensiled alone then excessive runoff may occur, so it is best to ensile it in a silo with proper drainage. If fed as wet brewers grains care needs to be taken to assure that it does not deteriorate prior to being fed. Since the wet brewer’s grain is an excellent media for microbial growth and has been shown to support the growth of yeast and mold (Wyss, 1997 ; Wadhwa et al., 1995), it is best to feed the material as soon as possible after receiving it. It is best to not store the material much longer than a week to 10 days prior to feeding it; this is especially true in hot or warm areas. Research has found that wet brewer’s grain could be stored for 10 days in Spring, 5 days in Summer and 30 days in Winter (Kim et al., 1996). If storing for longer periods of time the material should be ensiled. Under hot and humid conditions it might not be possible to store the material for a week. Storing in a shaded or cool place will length the time that the wet brewer’s grains can be stored. Covering the surface with plastic or some other covering material will minimize surface spoilage and length the time that the material can be stored. Various methods to preserve wet brewer’s grain have been evaluated (Allen et al., 1975a ; Allen et al., 1975b). Feed consumption will be reduced if spoiled brewer’s grain is fed. Feed mixtures containing brewer’s grain will spoil quite rapidly, so any excess feed that animals have not consumed should be removed and discarded. The palatability of wet brewer’s grain will decline with increasing storage time.

OECD text, 2004

Barley grain may undergo very different transformation, depending on the uses it is intended for. The many processes yield several by-products that are used for livestock feeding. The amount of milling by-products used in animal feed is probably a function of the demand for flour, grouts and pearl barley. These barley products are predominantly used in nutritional products for human consumption (Becker et al., 1967). By-products of the dry milling of barley have long been employed as ingredients in animal feeds. Generally millers remove 80-83% of the kernel for flour and the rest goes into the production of livestock feeds (Becker et al., 1967). In milling by-products resulting from pearl barley production the residues amount to 50-60% of raw barley. The individual by-products have largely lost their identity during the milling process. The by-products from the various production steps are combined in a single product (generally termed “barley feed”) that is sold to the feeding industry. Individual by-products are not generally marketed (Becker et al., 1967). The predominant criterion for the feeding value of the milling by-products is the fibre content, as the digestibility of total nutrients is negatively affected by this fraction. Accordingly, low-grade barley feed and hulls are poor quality feeding stuffs for monogastric farm animals (Kling and Woehlbier, 1983). (OECD, 2004)

By-products from brewing, such as brewers’ grain is also known as valuable feeding stuffs. As their moisture content is very high they are mostly fed fresh to cattle and dairy cows. After drying they may also be used as constituents of concentrates for poultry (Jeroch et al., 1993). Depending on economic value the various brewers’ by-products are sold separately or as mixers with grains. Consequently, brewers’ grains vary considerably in their chemical composition. Brewers’ grain is a bulky by-product of the beer or malt industry and the product includes spent grain and hops. It is a good source of by-pass protein for dairy cattle but is low in calcium and phosphorus. Intake is limited to 20-25% of the grain mixture dry matter and 15-25% of the total ration dry matter. It has a short storage life of 2-5 days in summer and 5-7 days in winter. Because of its bulkiness and cost, distribution is usually limited to a distance of 167–333 km from the brewery (Amaral-Philips et al., 2002).

Beer production barley grain is transformed into wort thanks to several operations including:

  • germination (germination enzymes reduce starch into soluble and fermentescible sugars)
  • kilning (in order to dry the green malt and onvert it into malt),
  • milling and then mashing (the ground malt is dropped in hot water and then filtered so that soluble sugars are extracted) The sugar-rich liquid obtained is is called wort. The wort is heated so that amylolytic enzymes stop during further fermentation when yeast are added. The remaining ground residue of malt is used for feedstuff ans is called Brewer's grain (OECD, 2004).

 

Potential constraints

Brewer’s grain is a safe feed for most livestock.

Nutritional attributes

Brewer’s grain can be used in feeding applications with ruminant and monogastric animals. It is quite palatable and is ready consumed by animals. It is a good source of water soluble vitamins. However, it is a bulky feed and low in energy content.

These materials are considered to be good sources of undegradable protein and water soluble vitamins. The crude protein content (27-30 %) is relatively high and is less ruminally degradable than other plant derived sources, so it is often used in feeding dairy cattle and beef cattle that require additional ruminally escape protein. The rumen degradability of the protein in the dried brewer’s grain is lower, which is directly related to the amount of heat that it is subjected to during the drying process.

In monogastric animals brewer’s grain were shown to be viable crude protein sources, especially where soybean and fish meals were unavailable. However its usage is limited in monogastric application because of its high fiber (24 % ADF) content the low digestibility of the crude protein fraction, so it is not normally used in intensive feeding systems. Lysine is normally the most limiting amino acid.

Tables of chemical composition and nutritional value

Ruminants

Dairy cattle

In feeding ruminant animals brewer’s grain was found to be a satisfactory replacement for corn gluten meal in rations for growing heifers (Lopez-Guisa et al., 1991).

Feeding up to 30 % of the dry matter as wet brewer’s grain was not found to reduce milk production in dairy cattle (West et al., 1994). Brewer’s grain silage was found to be a satisfactory replacement for corn silage in rations for lactating dairy cattle (Münger et al., 1997). No difference in performance was observed when dried, re-wetted or we brewer’s grain was fed to lactating dairy cattle (Porter et al., 1977). No depression in performance was observed when wet or dried brewer’s grain replace soybean meal in lactating dairy cattle (Hoffman et al., 1988).

Lysine was determined to be the limiting amino acid in brewer’s grains for application with dairy cattle, so it needs to be blended with other supplemental protein sources that have higher lysine content. The fiber in brewer’s grain was found to be a satisfactory replace for a portion of the forage in rations for lactating dairy cattle (Younker et al., 1998).

When fed to dairy cattle off-flavours in the milk can be avoided by feeding the cows after they have been milked instead of before. It is best to feed wet brewer’s grain fresh, since it will sour after being stored for a few days and may upset the acid base balance in the animal. Sodium bicarbonate being fed twice daily (150 grams / animal) will normally cure this disorder.

Brewers yeast was found to performance similarly when replacing brewers grains in rations for lactating dairy cattle (West et al., 1994).

Growing cattle

Similar performance in growing beef animals have been observed (Morel et al., 1997). Lambs were found to perform as a similar level when brewer’s grain accounted for up to 50 % of the concentrate being fed (Baghdassar et al., 1986). When ensiled brewer’s grain is fed acidosis can be a problem (Morel et al., 1997). A typical ration might have to following composition; 40 % dried citrus pulp, 40 % coconut meal and 20% dried brewer’s grain. Ensiled or wet brewer’s grain can also be fed at levels that would provide similar levels of dry matter.

Pigs

Brewer’s grains was found to be a satisfactory source of protein in finishing swine rations (Chalermchai Sriratanasak, 1984 ; Aletor et al., 1990).

Poultry

Broilers

In poultry up to 20 % dried brewer’s grain can be used with good results. The microbial metabolites contained in brewer’s grain seem to improve growth and feed conversion. Similar performance was observed between dried and wet brewer’s grain in fattening chicken (Wegner, 1973). Diets with up to 10 % brewer’s grains did not depress egg production (Yeong et al., 1986 ; Jensen et al., 1976). In broilers inclusion rates up to 20 % of brewer’s grains did not depress gains or feed conversion during early growth (0 to 4, 4 to 8 weeks) and up to 30 % was not observed to decrease performance in broilers (8 to 12 weeks) (Deltoro López et al., 1981). Other researchers have reported that up to 10 % dried brewer’s can be fed to young poultry (0-8 weeks) and up to 30 % in older birds (8 to 18 weeks) did not effect growth (Ademosun, 1973).

Laying hens

In layers, feeding brewer’s grain up to 30 % of diets dry matter had no effect, but higher levels depressed performance (Deltoro López et al., 1981).

Feed categories

Citation

DATASHEET UNDER CONSTRUCTION. DO NOT QUOTE. http://www.feedipedia.org/node/74 Last updated on February 22, 2013, 17:41

Tables

Tables of chemical composition and nutritional value

IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This datasheet is pending revision and updating; its contents are currently derived from FAO's Animal Feed Resources Information System (1991-2002) and from Bo Göhl's Tropical Feeds (1976-1982).

Brewers' grains, dehydrated

Main analysis Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Dry matter % as fed 90.8 2.7 84.1 95.4 45
Crude protein % DM 26.1 3.1 19.6 33.3 87
Crude fibre % DM 15.3 1.9 11.8 19.0 45
NDF % DM 56.9 5.4 46.5 67.4 56
ADF % DM 22.0 2.8 16.3 27.6 57
Lignin % DM 5.5 1.9 3.2 10.6 54
Ether extract % DM 7.0 2.3 1.9 10.0 45
Ash % DM 4.4 0.6 3.5 6.2 75
Starch (polarimetry) % DM 9.1 6.8 2.3 26.8 17
Total sugars % DM 0.4 0.4 0.4 2
Gross energy MJ/kg DM 20.4 1.3 18.2 20.9 4 *
 
Minerals Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Calcium g/kg DM 2.4 0.7 1.5 4.3 22
Phosphorus g/kg DM 5.8 0.6 4.8 6.6 21
Potassium g/kg DM 2.9 1.4 0.2 3.9 15
Sodium g/kg DM 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.7 16
Magnesium g/kg DM 2.6 0.5 1.8 4.3 16
Manganese mg/kg DM 47 12 16 71 16
Zinc mg/kg DM 89 31 2 161 16
Copper mg/kg DM 19 5 15 35 15
Iron mg/kg DM 130 23 103 174 14
 
Amino acids Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Alanine % protein 4.7 0.4 4.2 5.2 6
Arginine % protein 4.1 1.1 2.2 5.5 7
Aspartic acid % protein 5.8 1.4 4.0 7.7 6
Cystine % protein 2.2 1.8 2.5 2
Glutamic acid % protein 20.8 1.9 17.3 22.4 6
Glycine % protein 3.3 0.6 2.4 3.9 6
Histidine % protein 1.7 0.3 1.2 2.2 7
Isoleucine % protein 4.0 0.8 2.9 5.4 7
Leucine % protein 8.0 0.9 6.4 9.2 7
Lysine % protein 3.1 0.7 2.1 3.7 7
Methionine % protein 1.5 0.4 1.0 1.9 6
Phenylalanine % protein 5.3 0.6 4.5 5.9 7
Proline % protein 8.4 0.4 8.1 8.8 3
Serine % protein 4.0 0.5 3.4 4.8 6
Threonine % protein 3.1 0.3 2.6 3.5 7
Tryptophan % protein 1.2 1.1 1.3 2
Tyrosine % protein 3.5 0.4 2.9 4.1 6
Valine % protein 4.8 0.9 3.8 5.8 6
 
Ruminant nutritive values Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
OM digestibility, Ruminant % 64.0 4.0 62.0 69.9 3 *
Energy digestibility, ruminants % 64.0 *
DE ruminants MJ/kg DM 13.0 *
ME ruminants MJ/kg DM 10.4 *
Nitrogen digestibility, ruminants % 70.7 70.5 72.6 2 *
a (N) % 16.7 1
b (N) % 64.3 1
c (N) h-1 0.072 1
Nitrogen degradability (effective, k=4%) % 58 *
Nitrogen degradability (effective, k=6%) % 52 13 21 66 13 *
 
Pig nutritive values Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Energy digestibility, growing pig % 54.3 *
DE growing pig MJ/kg DM 11.1 *
MEn growing pig MJ/kg DM 10.2 *
NE growing pig MJ/kg DM 6.9 *
Nitrogen digestibility, growing pig % 78.3 *
 
Poultry nutritive values Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
AMEn cockerel MJ/kg DM 9.4 *
AMEn broiler MJ/kg DM 9.2 *
 
Rabbit nutritive values Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Energy digestibility, rabbit % 64.4 *
DE rabbit MJ/kg DM 13.1 12.5 13.8 2
Nitrogen digestibility, rabbit % 77.8 76.2 79.4 2
MEn rabbit MJ/kg DM 12.1 *

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

AFZ, 2011; Alawa et al., 1988; Alibes et al., 1990; Arosemena et al., 1995; Batajoo et al., 1998; Bhatti et al., 1995; Cirad, 2008; Crawford et al., 1978; DePeters et al., 1997; DePeters et al., 2000; Devendra et al., 1970; Dixon, 1986; Donkoh et al., 2009; Erdman et al., 1987; Fernandez Carmona et al., 1996; FUSAGx/CRAW, 2009; Kuan et al., 1982; Lindberg, 1981; Macgregor et al., 1978; Madsen et al., 1984; Maertens et al., 1985; Masoero et al., 1994; Muscato et al., 1981; Naik, 1967; Nguyen Nhut Xuan Dung et al., 2002; Nwokolo, 1986; Parigi-Bini et al., 1991; Pereira et al., 1999; Polan et al., 1985; Pozy et al., 1996; Rogerson, 1956; Sauvant et al., 1985; Susmel et al., 1989; Susmel et al., 1989; Swain et al., 1994; Tamminga et al., 1990; Williams, 1955

Last updated on 24/10/2012 00:43:51

TABLE UNDER CONSTRUCTION. DO NOT QUOTE.

Brewers' grains, ensiled

Main analysis Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Dry matter % as fed 25.1 25.1 25.1 2
Crude protein % DM 27.6 3.2 23.9 29.4 3
Crude fibre % DM 16.0 4.2 10.1 19.2 4
NDF % DM 57.9 13.3 42.6 66.3 3
ADF % DM 19.0 5.1 13.3 23.1 3
Lignin % DM 4.2 1.0 3.1 5.0 3
Ether extract % DM 8.1 7.6 8.5 2
Ash % DM 5.0 1.3 4.1 6.4 3
Gross energy MJ/kg DM 20.5 *
 
Ruminant nutritive values Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
OM digestibility, Ruminant % 62.6 *
Energy digestibility, ruminants % 62.8 *
DE ruminants MJ/kg DM 12.9 *
ME ruminants MJ/kg DM 10.2 *
Nitrogen digestibility, ruminants % 78.3 1
 
Pig nutritive values Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Energy digestibility, growing pig % 64.9 *
DE growing pig MJ/kg DM 13.3 *

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

AFZ, 2011; Dijkstra, 1955; Göhl, 1970

Last updated on 24/10/2012 00:43:51

TABLE UNDER CONSTRUCTION. DO NOT QUOTE.

Brewers' grains, fresh

Main analysis Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb  
Dry matter % as fed 25.9 3.1 18.9 31.2 16  
Crude protein % DM 25.9 2.6 20.3 29.7 22  
Crude fibre % DM 16.7 3.6 7.8 21.2 13  
NDF % DM 45.7 11.2 33.0 64.3 17  
ADF % DM 20.2 4.0 15.8 31.8 17  
Lignin % DM 5.6 0.9 3.5 6.9 17  
Ether extract % DM 7.2 1.5 5.7 11.9 19  
Ash % DM 4.2 0.4 3.1 4.9 21  
Starch (polarimetry) % DM 11.8   4.8 18.7 2  
Total sugars % DM 1.0 0.2 0.7 1.3 6  
Gross energy MJ/kg DM 20.4 0.3 20.4 21.8 7 *
               
Minerals Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb  
Calcium g/kg DM 3.0 1.7 1.1 7.9 19  
Phosphorus g/kg DM 5.7 1.3 2.7 7.6 18  
Potassium g/kg DM 1.6 1.3 0.1 3.4 16  
Sodium g/kg DM 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.9 16  
Magnesium g/kg DM 2.3 0.7 1.1 3.2 17  
Manganese mg/kg DM 43 10 25 56 16  
Zinc mg/kg DM 83 13 60 105 16  
Copper mg/kg DM 14 7 7 31 16  
Iron mg/kg DM 138 18 108 163 10  
               
Ruminant nutritive values Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb  
OM digestibility, Ruminant % 61.4 7.1 55.3 75.4 6 *
Energy digestibility, ruminants % 61.3 6.2 57.9 75.2 6 *
DE ruminants MJ/kg DM 12.5         *
ME ruminants MJ/kg DM 9.9 0.7 9.9 12.5 6 *
Nitrogen digestibility, ruminants % 76.5 3.3 73.0 81.0 7  
               
Pig nutritive values Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb  
Energy digestibility, growing pig % 64.0         *
DE growing pig MJ/kg DM 13.0         *
MEn growing pig MJ/kg DM 12.2         *
NE growing pig MJ/kg DM 8.1         *
Nitrogen digestibility, growing pig % 76.1   58.9 93.3 2  

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

AFZ, 2011; Alawa et al., 1988; DePeters et al., 2000; Djouvinov et al., 1998; Lim Han Kuo, 1967; Neumark, 1970; Paloheimo et al., 1959; Polan et al., 1985; Wainman et al., 1984

Last updated on 24/10/2012 00:43:51

TABLE UNDER CONSTRUCTION. DO NOT QUOTE.

References

References
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58 references

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